Bibliography

Barnett, James Monroe. The Diaconate—a Full and Equal Order: A Comprehensive and Critical Study of the Origin, Development, and Decline of the Diaconate in the Context of the Church’s Total Ministry and a Proposal for Renewal. New York: Seabury, 1981.

Belleville, Linda L. “Women Leaders in the Bible.” Pages 110–25 in Discovering Biblical Equality: Complementarity Without Hierarchy. 2nd ed. Edited by Ronald W. Pierce, Rebecca Merrill Groothuis, and Gordon D. Fee. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic, 2005.

Collins, John N. Diakonia: Re-Interpreting the Ancient Sources. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Davies, J.G. “Deacons, Deaconesses and the Minor Orders in the Patristic Period.” JEH 14 (1963): 1–15.

Deweese, Charles W. Women Deacons and Deaconesses: 400 Years of Baptist Service. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2005.

Gryson, Roger. The Ministry of Women in the Early Church. Translated by Jean Laporte and Mary Louise Hall. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1976.

LaPorte, Jean. The Role of Women in Early Christianity. Studies in Women and Religion 7. New York: Edwin Mellen, 1982.

Lightfoot, J.B. “The Christian Ministry.” Pages 181–269 in St. Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians. Repr. Lynn, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1981.

Martimort, Aimé Georges. Deaconesses: A Historical Study. Translated by K.D. Whitehead. San Francisco: Ignatius, 1986.

Merkle, Benjamin L. 40 Questions About Elders and Deacons. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Kregel, 2008.

Niebuhr, H. Richard, and Daniel D. Williams, eds. The Ministry in Historical Perspectives. New York: Harper, 1956.

Olson, Jeannine E. Deacons and Deaconesses through the Centuries. Rev. ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia, 2005.

Schreiner, Thomas R. “The Valuable Ministries of Women in the Context of Male Leadership: A Survey of Old and New Testament Examples and Teaching.” Pages 209–24 in Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood: A Response to Evangelical Feminism. 2nd ed. Edited by John Piper and Wayne Grudem. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2006.

Thurston, Bonnie Bowman. The Widows: A Women’s Ministry in the Early Church. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1989.

Turner, C.H. “Ministries of Women in the Primitive Church.” Appendix VI, pages 87–105, in The Ministry of Women: A Report by a Committee Appointed by His Grace the Lord Arch-bishop of Canterbury. Church of England. Archbishop of Canterbury’s Committee on the Ministry of Women. London: SPCK, 1919.

Volz, Carl A. Pastoral Life and Practice in the Early Church. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1990.

Paul A. Rainbow

Dead Sea (הַיָּם הַקַּדְמֹנִי, hayyam haqqadmoniy; יָם הָעֲרָבָה, yam ha'aravah; יָם הַמֶּלַח, yam hammelach). Also known as the Salt Sea. A large salt sea at the southern end of the Jordan River.

Name

The Dead Sea is known by many different names, including:

• “The Salt Sea” (יָם הַמֶּלַח, yam hammelach; Gen 14:3; Num 34:3).

• “The Sea of the Arabah” (יָם הָעֲרָבָה, yam ha'aravah; Deut 3:17; Josh 3:16), a reference to the dry region of the Jordan Valley north and south of the Dead Sea

• “The Eastern Sea” (הַיָּם הַקַּדְמֹנִי, hayyam haqqadmoniy; Ezek 47:18; Zech 14:8), owing to its proximity to the land of Israel

• “Lake Asphaltites” (Ἀσφαλτῖτις λίμνη, Asphaltitis limnē), a Greek name used by Josephus that reflects the large masses of black bitumen that float on the sea and were useful for caulking ships (Josephus, Jewish War IV.476–480)

Modern Israelis call the body of water the “Sea of Death” (Yam-ha-mavet). This is an appropriate designation given that the salts and minerals in the water prevent any plants or fish from surviving there.