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Athens (Ἀθῆναι, Athēnai). The political and intellectual capital of the Attic region of Greece. Makes its sole biblical appearance in the book of Acts, where Paul delivers a sermon to the Athenians on the Areopagus (or Mars Hill) in ad 51.
Athens had great influence in the Graeco-Roman world of the New Testament. It was an influential polis (“city-state”) from the Mycenean Era (ca. 1600–1200 bc) until the emperor Justinian closed the philosophical academies of Greece in ad 529 (Watts, City and School, 130–132; Hammond, A History of Greece, 60, 65). The eventual relationship between Greece and Rome ensured that Athens’ influence outlasted its political and economic clout (Habicht, Athens from Alexander to Antony, 98–99; Watts, City and School, 79–110).
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