Ashurbanipal The king of Assyria (r. 668–627 bc). The son and successor of Esarhaddon. His grandfather, Sennacherib, and his father, Esarhaddon, are both mentioned in the biblical narrative (2 Kgs 19:36–37), but there is no clear reference to Ashurbanipal in the Bible. He may be mentioned once as Osnappar (Ezra 4:10). Manasseh and Josiah were kings of Judah during Ashurbanipal’s reign. Based on 2 Chronicles 33:10–13, it is likely that Manasseh was a vassal of Assyria under Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal. Ashurbanipal collected and commissioned copies of religious texts, historical records, and literary texts. When his library was discovered in Nineveh in the 19th century, it contained thousands of clay tablets preserving information about his reign and about the history, literature, and religion of Assyria and Babylonia.
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