It is interesting to read the history of justification theology in the light of the Spirit, since both Catholic and Protestant traditions have been ambivalent about the role of the Spirit in justification. They both have—in different ways—tended to keep the Spirit at arm’s length from the substance of justification; yet they have also assumed at points a more intimate connection, which would later dominate some of the most interesting recent ecumenical efforts at rapprochement. Many traditional Protestants