many, to be sure, had Philo’s intellect, sophistication or ability to allegorize. On the other hand, purification was a standard metaphor in Judaism for the elimination of evil or unworthy thoughts and desires, and we may assume that many pilgrims took the opportunity to purify their hearts as well as their bodies. While the festivals themselves were joyous, the period of preparation beforehand was a time for self-examination. 2. Sacrifices atone for sins. The notion that atonement and purification