the same connotation for a Hebrew- or Aramaic-speaking Jew.8 Hebrew עני and ענו both denote someone who is economically poor, but who is also “afflicted,” “humble,” or even “meek.”9 Jerome took “poor in spirit” to mean a voluntary “humility in spirit” (Ps. 34:18),10 Augustine much the same: “humble and God-fearing, not having a bloated spirit.”11 Chrysostom took it as “humble and contrite in mind” (Ps. 51:17),12 and Gregory of Nyssa as a “voluntary humility,” by which he said we would be imitating