Joseph Lister (1827–1912) Antiseptic surgery James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) Electrodynamics, statistical thermodynamics William Ramsay (1852–1916) Isotopic chemistry In general, scientists before 1860 tended to be creationists. Sir Isaac Newton’s statement about the origin of the universe is typical: This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being. And if the fixed stars are the centres of other like
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