was born into one of its preeminent clans, the Banû Hâshim, who were the guardians of the Kaʿba. Orphaned at a tender age—his father ʿAbdallah died around the time he was born, and his mother Âmina passed away when he was six—Muhammad was raised by his paternal grandfather, ʿAbd-al-Muttalib, until he was eight, and then by his paternal uncle, Abû-Tâlib. Muhammad became known at an early age for his integrity and honesty, and the Meccans nicknamed him “the Trustworthy One” (al-Amîn). In his youth,