feel toward each other, by contrast, has a different context and background. In part, it is related to a shared history of conflict (Crusades, world wars), and subsequently to subjugation and domination through colonialism by the European powers (principally France and England). In western Europe, even native-born Muslims are often denied full citizenship. In France and Germany, this is no doubt because they are predominantly members of an immigrant labor underclass; these two countries are alone