quotation as used by Paul. Other suggestions are: that the ἐκ πίστεως means ‘by faith’ and the εἰς πίστιν is to be explained as an instance of the abstract used for the concrete, being equivalent to εἰς τοὺς πιστεύοντας (cf. 3:22);1 that the whole phrase indicates that the δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ has faith both as its ground and as its goal;2 that the phrase is simply a rhetorical formulation to express ἐκ πίστεως specially emphatically;3 that it makes no sense, and that πίστιν should be emended