In chapters 9 and 10, Paul treats Israel as a nation. He mentions the remnant within the nation (9:27), but even his references to the sub-group of Israel that is truly “Israel” (9:6–7) portray them collectively, as a single, homogenous group. Paul seeks to unequivocally convince his audience that Israel’s decisions have dramatically affected their prospects for salvation. His arguments provide the foundation for his concluding remarks about Israel in this chapter—every facet