tn

Translator’s Note—explains the rationale for the translation and gives alternative translations, interpretive options, and other technical information.

sn

Study Note—includes comments about historical or cultural background, explanation of obscure phrases or brief discussions of context, discussions of the theological point made by the biblical author, cross references and references to Old Testament quotations or allusions in the New Testament, or other miscellaneous information helpful to the modern reader.

tc

Text-critical Note—discusses alternate (variant) readings found in the various manuscripts and groups of manuscripts of the Hebrew Old Testament and Greek New Testament.

map

Map Note—gives map coordinates for site within the two map sections, “The Journeys of Paul” and “The Holy Land from the Heavens.”

ABR

Australian Biblical Review

ADAJ

Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan

AION

Annali dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli

AJBA

Australian Journal of Biblical Archaeology

AJSL

American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature

ArOr

Archiv Orientální

ASTI

Annual of the Swedish Thelogical Institute

AUSS

Andrews University Seminary Studies

BA

Biblical Archaeologist

BAR

Biblical Archaeology Review

BASOR

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

BBR

Bulletin for Biblical Research

BETS

Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society

Bib

Biblica

BiBh

Bible Bhashyam

Bijdr

Bijdragen: Tijdschrift voor filosofie en theologie

BJRL

Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester

BN

Biblische Notizen

BRev

Bible Review

BSac

Bibliotheca Sacra

BT

The Bible Translator

BTB

Biblical Theology Bulletin

BV

Biblical Viewpoint

BZ

Biblische Zeitschrift

CBQ

Catholic Biblical Quarterly

CentBib

Central Bible Quarterly

CTJ

Calvin Theological Journal

CTM

Concordia Theological Monthly

CTR

Criswell Theological Review

ErIsr

Eretz-Israel

EvQ

Evangelical Quarterly

ExpTim

Expository Times

FO

Folia orientalia

GOT

Glasgow Oriental Transactions

GTJ

Grace Theological Journal

HAR

Hebrew Annual Review

HBT

Horizons in Biblical Theology

HS

Hebrew Studies

HTR

Harvard Theological Review

HUCA

Hebrew Union College Annual

IEJ

Israel Exploration Journal

Int

Interpretation

JANESCU

Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University

JAOS

Journal of the American Oriental Society

JBL

Journal of Biblical Literature

JCS

Journal of Cuneiform Studies

JETS

Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society

JJP

Journal of Juristic Papyrology

JJS

Journal of Jewish Studies

JNES

Journal of Near Eastern Studies

JNSL

Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages

JPOS

Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society

JQR

Jewish Quarterly Review

JRAS

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

JSNT

Journal for the Study of the New Testament

JSOT

Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

JSS

Journal of Semitic Studies

JTS

Journal of Theological Studies

JTVI

Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute

Jud

Judaica

Les

Lesonénu

LTQ

Lexington Theological Quarterly

MAOG

Mitteilungen der Altorientalischen Gesellschaft

Mus

Muséon: Revue d’études orientales

NovT

Novum Testamentum

NTS

New Testament Studies

Or

Orientalia

OTS

Old Testament Studies

PEQ

Palestinian Exploration Quarterly

RA

Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale

RB

Revue biblique

RevExp

Review and Expositor

RHPR

Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses

RHR

Revue de l’histoire des religions

RQ

Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte

RSR

Recherches de science religieuse

Sem

Semitica

SJT

Scottish Journal of Theology

ST

Studia theologica

SwJT

Southwestern Journal of Theology

TA

Tel Aviv

TB

Theologische Bücherei: Neudrucke und Berichte aus dem 20. Jahrhundert

TGUOS

Transactions of the Glasgow University Oriental Society

TJ

Trinity Journal

TLZ

Theologische Literaturzeitung

TRu

Theologische Rundschau

TynBul

Tyndale Bulletin

TZ

Theologische Zeitschrift

UF

Ugarit-Forschungen

VT

Vetus Testamentum

WTJ

Westminster Theological Journal

WW

Word and World

ZÄS

Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

ZAW

Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

ZDMG

Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft

ZNW

Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft

AB

Anchor Bible

AfO

Archiv für Orientforschung

AGJU

Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums

AnBib

Analecta biblica

AnOr

Analecta orientalia

AOAT

Alter Orient und Altes Testament

ArBib

The Aramaic Bible

ATD

Das Alte Testament Deutsch

BASORSup

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research: Supplement Series

BECNT

Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament

BibOr

Biblica et orientalia

BKAT

Biblischer Kommentar, Altes Testament

BSC

Bible Student’s Commentary

CBC

Cambridge Bible Commentary

CBQMS

Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series

CC

Continental Commentaries

CNT

Commentaire du Nouveau Testament

ConBOT

Coniectanea biblica: Old Testament Series

DissAb

Dissertation Abstracts

DJD

Discoveries in the Judaean Desert

DJDJ

Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan

DSBS

Daily Study Bible Series

EGGNT

Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament

FCI

Foundations of Contemporary Interpretation

FOTL

Forms of the Old Testament Literature

FRLANT

Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments

GBS

Guides to Biblical Scholarship

HNTC

Harper’s New Testament Commentaries

HSM

Harvard Semitic Monographs

IBC

Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching

ICC

International Critical Commentary

JAARSup

Journal of the American Academy of Religion: Supplement Series

JBLMS

Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph Series

JPSTC

Jewish Publication Society Torah Commentary

JSNTSup

Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series

JSOTSup

Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series

KAT

Kommentar zum Alten Testament

LHD

The Library of History and Doctrine

MNTC

Moffatt New Testament Commentary

NAC

New American Commentary

NCBC

New Century Bible Commentary

NICNT

New International Commentary on the New Testament

NICOT

New International Commentary on the Old Testament

NIGTC

New International Greek Testament Commentary

NovTSup

Supplements to Novum Testamentum

NTL

New Testament Library

OBO

Orbis biblicus et orientalis

OBT

Overtures to Biblical Theology

OTL

Old Testament Library

OTM

Oxford Theological Monographs

PTMS

Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series

SB

Sources bibliques

SBA

Studies in Biblical Archaeology

SBG

Studies in Biblical Greek

SBLDS

Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series

SBT

Studies in Biblical Theology

ScrHier

Scripta hierosolymitana

SD

Studies and Documents

SHR

Studies in the History of Religions

SJLA

Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity

SNTSMS

Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series

SoBB

Soncino Books of the Bible

SOTBT

Studies in Old Testament Biblical Theology

SOTSMS

Society for Old Testament Studies Monograph Series

SPCKTC

Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge Theological Collections

SSN

Studia semitica neerlandica

StPB

Studia post-biblica

SUNT

Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments

TBC

Torch Bible Commentaries

TCS

Texts from Cuneiform Sources

TOTC

Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries

TU

Texte und Untersuchungen

VAB

Vorderasiatische Bibliothek

VTSup

Supplements to Vetus Testamentum

WBC

Word Biblical Commentary

WEC

Wycliffe Exegetical Commentary

WUNT

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

al

Abbreviation for alii, a Latin phrase meaning “others,” referring to manuscripts

ms (mss)

manuscript (manuscripts)

pc

Abbreviation for pauci, “a few (others),” referring to manuscripts

pm

Abbreviation for permulti, “a great many (others),” referring to manuscripts

vid

Abbreviation for videtur, a Latin word meaning “apparently” or “so it appears,” referring to an uncertain reading in a manuscript

abs.

absolute

acc.

accusative

ANE

Ancient Near East (noun), Ancient Near Eastern (adjective)

ca.

approximately (from Latin circa)

cf.

compare (from Latin confer)

chap.

chapter

dat.

dative

ed.

editor; edited by; edition

e.g.

for example (from Latin exempli gratia)

ET

English text (when versification in the English Bible differs from the Greek or Hebrew text)

expr.

expression

ff.

following

fig.

figurative; figuratively

gen.

genitive

GT

Greek text (when versification differs from the English Bible)

HT

Hebrew text (when versification differs from the English Bible)

i.e.

that is (from Latin id est)

loc. cit.

in the place cited (from Latin loco citato), usually referring to a Bible verse or passage cited in a commentary or other work

ms (mss)

manuscript (manuscripts)

nom.

nominative

NT

New Testament

pl.

plural

q.v.

which see (from Latin quod vide)

sc.

supply (from Latin scilicet)

sing.

singular

suppl.

supplement

s.v.

under the word (from Latin sub verbo or sub voce)

trans.

translated; translator

v.

verse

viz.

namely (from Latin videlicet)

w.

with