consequences of sin—so that rather than offering His blood to satisfy God’s justice, Christ was merely demonstrating sin’s effects in order to fulfill a public perception of justice.8 Other new-model theologians go even further, virtually denying the need for any kind of ransom for sin altogether.9 Indeed, the entire concept of a payment to expiate sin’s guilt is nonsense if the open theists are right.10 Thus new-model theologians have rather drastically remodeled the doctrine of Christ’s atonement,