of Amsterdam were founded to stand against it. But because all this was done in the Dutch language, it had no impact outside of Holland. Elsewhere, ripples of the Revolution, linked with the burgeoning egocentricity of the Romantic movement in literature and the arts, carried intellectuals on both sides of the Atlantic over the watershed, thus preparing the ground for critical biblical scholarship and theological liberalism. This turn away from external authority led straight to the post-theistic