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A Greek Grammar for Colleges is unavailable, but you can change that!

Smyth’s Grammar is the most thorough one-volume reference grammar of Classical Greek available in the English language. In it, he sets forth the essential forms of Attic Greek and the other dialects which appear in classical literature, and devotes extensive attention to the formation of words and particles. He also outlines the principles of Greek syntax and the basics of Greek morphology.

obligation or duty may refer to present time and imply that the obligation or duty is not fulfilled: σῑγήσᾱς ἡνίκʼ ἔδει λέγειν keeping silence when he ought to speak D. 18. 189. So with ἐχρῆν it were proper, εἰκὸς ἦν it were fitting (1774). But the imperfect may also express past obligation without denying the action of the infinitive, as ἔδει μένειν he was obliged to remain (and did remain) D. 19. 124, ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι quod erat demonstrandum Euclid 1. 5 (1779).
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