that resides in specialized structures, called mitochondria, outside the cell’s nucleus); and (2) a large segment of the Y-chromosome. Though both men and women carry mitochondrial DNA, all of us get nearly all of our mitochondrial DNA from our mothers only. Only men carry the Y-chromosome segment. That is, males receive a large portion of the Y-chromosome from their fathers only. If all humans descended from one woman and one man without God’s supernatural intervention, the only explanation for