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Old Testament Theophanies
Type of Theophany* | Reference | Notes |
God appears to Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden | — | |
God appears to Cain | Gen 4:1–16 (e.g. Gen 4:16) | — |
God appears to Abram | — | |
God comes to Abram | Vision fused with actions | |
Appearance to Hagar by a spring | Angel of Yahweh | |
Abraham’s three visitors | Gen 18:1–33 (18:10, 22, 33) | — |
Binding of Isaac | ||
Isaac at Gerar | — | |
Jacob’s dream of angels at Bethel | Dream | |
Jacob wrestles with God | — | |
God renames Jacob | — | |
God tells Jacob to move to Egypt | Vision | |
The Burning Bush | Angel of Yahweh (Exod 3:2) | |
God tells Moses to return to Egypt; “bridegroom of blood” | — | |
God’s glory passes by Moses (cleft of the rock) | — | |
Commissioning of Joshua | — | |
Call of Gideon | Angel of Yahweh (Judg 6:12) | |
Solomon’s prayer for wisdom | Dream | |
God speaks to Elijah (still small voice) | — | |
God speaks to Job | — | |
Call of Isaiah | Vision | |
Call of Jeremiah | Jer 1:4–10 (see Jer 1:9) | Word of Yahweh (Jer 1:4) |
God appears to Ezekiel | — | |
Ezekiel’s vision of God leaving the temple | Vision (see Ezek 8:1–4) | |
Nebuchadnezzar’s furnace | “Angel” (Dan 3:28) | |
Handwriting on the wall | Hand sent from presence of God (Dan 5:24) | |
The pillar of fire and cloud that led Israel in the wilderness | — | |
The pillar of fire and cloud between Israel and Egypt | Angel of God (Exod 14:19) | |
The glory of Yahweh appears in a cloud | — | |
Revelation at Mt. Sinai† | — | |
The glory of God appears in a cloud on Mt. Sinai | — | |
Cloud over tent of meeting with Moses (before tabernacle) | — | |
Cloud over tent of meeting; glory of God in tabernacle | — | |
The 70 elders | — | |
Judgment on Miriam and Aaron | — | |
Glory of God fills Solomon’s temple | — |
*Theophanies are special manifestations of God that are accompanied by acute awareness of His presence. Prophetic dialogue (compare Exod 6–14) is not a theophany.
†The revelation at Sinai became the template for theophanic depictions of God at Mt. Zion/Jerusalem (e.g. Psalms 18:7–20, 29:1–11, 97:1–5, 144:5–6; Mic 1:2–4).
About Faithlife Study BibleFaithlife Study Bible (FSB) is your guide to the ancient world of the Old and New Testaments, with study notes and articles that draw from a wide range of academic research. FSB helps you learn how to think about interpretation methods and issues so that you can gain a deeper understanding of the text. |
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