Some of the elements of that change, both causes and effects, include: the Scientific Revolution, including the ideas of Galileo and Newton; the declining influence of the Catholic Church in politics; the rise of nation-states out of feudal kingdoms; the slow changeover from monarchy to democracy; capitalism; and the Industrial Revolution. It takes a long time for new ideas to permeate a culture and transform it. The Scientific Revolution began sometime in the sixteenth century, while the Industrial