considers that to impute to Israel a specific sin when Joel does not would be to ignore the complexities of human existence in which apparently undeserved calamities do indeed occur; even the use of שׁוב šûḇ ‘to return’ in 2:13 is not conclusive proof that Joel is calling the people to repentance, for šûḇ can have senses other than ‘to repent’. Stuart believes that the strong eschatological nature of the book makes any rebuke of the people’s sin unsuitable: The calamities which have occurred