At this point the letter passes another positive comment, but it is hard for us to understand: the church in Ephesus refuses to tolerate ‘the Nicolaitans’. These people crop up again in the letter to Pergamum (verse 15), where again nothing more is said to identify who they were or what they were teaching (that’s the point in the Pergamum letter) and doing (that’s the point in the present one). Various attempts have been made, in the ancient church and in modern scholarship, to figure this out, with
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