what caused God? Why should we think we have arrived at God? All of this is answered simply by noting that the argument concludes to a “not contingent” being. John Locke’s argument, as produced in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, betrays its modern empiricist origins. Nevertheless, it remains an argument about causality in the medieval tradition, including the implications for the nature of God: We are capable of knowing certainly that there is a God. Though God has given us no innate ideas