This chapter introduces three more kinds of frames of reference, distinguished by the type of information placed in Dik’s clause-initial P1 position (see §9.2.7). Recall the discussion from the introduction of chapter 10 that there are a number of factors influencing placement of adverbial subordinate clauses either before or after the main clause they modify. Adverbial clauses play such an important role in the processing of main clauses that certain kinds of adverbials almost