necessary for the true unity of the Christian church that uniform ceremonies, instituted by human beings, be observed everywhere.” Twice in the history of the Evangelical church disputes arose over adiaphora. The first occurred in 1548, when Charles V attempted to unite Catholics and Protestants under the so-called Augsburg Interim. For either side the point at issue was whether, under the duress of the emperor’s edict following the Smalcald War, elements that were neither commanded nor forbidden