to erect his statue in the Jerusalem Temple. The Jewish reaction to Caligula echoes the reactions of Jews under Antiochus. As Grabbe comments on Caligula’s attempt to erect his statue in the Temple, ‘Had he succeeded, his action would have been the equivalent of the destruction under Antiochus IV; only its failure has kept it from full notoriety’.33 There should be no surprise that there are distinct echoes of the Maccabean crisis in Josephus’ and Philo’s retelling of the Caligula crisis aside from
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