all other disciplines must in some fashion be related to theology. Thus medieval philosophers, while treating many of the same broad topics treated in modern philosophy (such as metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics), would view these topics through the Vorhabe, or presuppositional lens, of God’s existence and ultimate significance as the summum bonum, or highest good. In short, God was the starting point of medieval philosophy, and all philosophical work saw God playing a significant role. For instance,