speaking) can take three different forms: (1) locution (making coherent and meaningful sounds or, in the case of writing, letters); (2) illocution (what the words are actually doing; e.g., promising, warning, commanding, declaring, etc.); and (3) perlocution (the effect of these words on the listener; e.g., encouraging, challenging, persuading).100 Any speaking act can include some or all of these attributes. These three types of speech-acts generally correspond to the three definitions of canon