between two Christian groups with different understandings of Torah obedience for those that follow Jesus. One reason Frankfurter rejects the prevailing hypothesis is that there is no direct external evidence for Jewish persecution of Christians in Asia Minor at the time when the book of Revelation was written.15 According to Frankfurter, “those that call themselves Jews” are false teachers who permit eating meat sacrificed to idols in the same manner as Balaam (Rev 2:14) and Jezebel (Rev 2:20).