have said would not have been particularly irritating to the Pharisees. The key stories in the Gospels, he urges, are made up by the later church and reflect their controversies with later Judaism rather than Jesus’ controversies with the Pharisees. There are many things to be said about this discussion, and I can here only mention some of them. To begin with, traditional form-criticism of the Gospels has grossly overplayed its hand by suggesting that the Gospels reflect the life of the early church