It helped Augustine to see ever more clearly the peril of identifying the City of God too closely with any earthly city, including Rome. “The Heavenly City outshines Rome, beyond comparison,” he wrote. “There, instead of victory, is truth; instead of high rank, holiness; instead of peace, felicity; instead of life, eternity.” Chastened Virtue What can we learn from Augustine’s understanding of history in light of the fall of Rome? Augustine teaches us that Christians are those who live in time but