the other gospel was the new teachers’ requirement of circumcision, which had nowhere been addressed so directly, but which already had to be considered in various places in commenting on the letter. Of course, the original readers of the letter, in contrast to us later ones, did not have to wait until this point to learn about such a requirement. The most important key word in the section is carried over from 4:21–31*: freedom, which together with the opposite concept, slavery, forms the last of