the holy war, see pp. 102f. below. When writers talk about the heavens quaking or trembling, they are thinking specifically of thunder and lightning, tempests and cloudbursts, as well as earthquakes and flood tides, as Ps. 77:16–18* shows. In Ezek. 38:20* the sea and everything in it, as well as the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the earth, all quake “at Yahweh’s presence” when there is “a great shaking in the land of Israel” (19b*). In Haggai, uniquely, “sea and dry land” are put beside
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