1:14. For Paul, the Spirit functioned as a down payment or initial installment of the readers’ full inheritance to come (ὅ ἐστιν ἀρραβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν). A “down payment” (ἀρραβών) guaranteed the future delivery of a promised payment in full (2 Cor. 1:21–22; 5:5; BDAG, s.v. “ἀρραβών,” p. 134). If the Holy Spirit of promise opened the door to all spiritual blessings, then that included the eschatological blessings connected to Jesus’s future return as well. The Spirit’s presence in believers’