A dual origin is seen as standing behind this deceitful philosophy. Rather than deriving from Christ, it is first according to the tradition of men. The chief critique here is that it is human rather than divine in origin. The second source that is attributed to the ‘philosophy’ is that it is according to the elements of the world. While some have suggested, on the basis of Paul’s familiarity with Pharisaic teaching, that the rejection of the tradition of men is directed against ‘a form of Jewish