is apparent at points in the epistle, especially as this fracture has occurred through the work of the devil and his spiritual forces (1:13), who have been defeated at the cross (2:15). In this light, Christ as their Creator (1:16) is in a position of sovereign rule over them (2:10; following generally Dunn 1996: 102–3). But the break between creation and Creator also occurred through sinful human agency, as 1:14 and 1:21 make clear, though this was under the influence of evil powers (1:13). This