and deported much of its population (2 Kgs. 15:29). The remnant of the country was saved only by Hoshea ben Elah’s (732–724 BC) assassination of Pekah and submission as a vassal to Assyria (Hos. 8:9–10). Some portions of Hosea 9–12 reflect the relatively quiet time under the rule of Assyria before Shalmaneser V took the throne of that empire (726–722 BC). However, the small states of the ancient Near Eastern world vacillated constantly between alliance to one or another empire of Mesopotamia and
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