sins. He has died instead of them. True, they still die physically,4 but they do not die eternally because Christ has died instead of them, and God will not require the penalty twice as it were. One can easily see how the term “penal substitution” has popularly come to be applied to this doctrine, the theological term “penal” relating to the nature of the sufferings and death of Jesus, and the term “substitution” referring to the fact that he was bearing this penalty on behalf of others and not on