difficult reading is preferable; the shorter reading is preferable; etc.), while remaining conscious of Tov’s reminder that “to some extent textual criticism cannot be bound by fixed rules” (p. 309). This reading of Malachi acknowledges the superscription (1:1) and the appendixes (3:22 [4:4] and 3:23–24 [4:5–6]) as secondary. In addition, I have “reformulated” portions of the MT of the book of Malachi in 2:4, 12, 15. Malachi is the last of the books constituting the
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