When Jesus called God his “Father” and admonished his disciples to “call no one your father on earth, for you have one Father—the one in heaven” (Matt 6:9; 23:9), he was saying that they were to look only to God for their welfare and not Caesar.48 Next in rank after Caesar were six hundred Senators with vast landholdings and wealth that exceeded one million sesterces or silver coins.49 Senate seats were passed down from one generation to the next as an inheritance. The Senate governed Italy and