Christians in the East quickly came under Muslim dominance with many in the church even converting to Islam as a result. Irvin and Sunquist write, “Within a century of the death of Muhammad [ca. 732], as many as half of the world’s Christians were under Muslim political rule.”19 In sum, part of the developing identity of global Christians in the first millennium involved figuring how to relate to political authorities. The expanding church also encountered various worldview frameworks and part of