justification of depravity. Drawing on some scattered precedents, they developed a purely juridical explanation of how all sinned in Adam (still assuming the mistranslation of Romans 5:12!). Adam was cast as the Federal Head or legal representative of all humanity when he accepted and broke God’s original covenant. On such terms, Adam’s guilt would be legally imputable to all who were represented by him. So would his penalty. The corruption of every subsequent human’s soul and body results from the direct