is an authority in the College, she may choose the recipient of the next sabbatical leave. On the other hand a historian who has studied the College archives has become an authority on the same college; he can tell us the name of the first President, and when the Department of Psychology was added. (Of course, these sorts of authority may both reside in one person.) Behind these two stands a third, which (with James M. Smith) I call here "criterial authority." By it, native speakers of Russian, for