After all, sura 5:33 allows for beheading or crucifixion. “We shall not manifest our religion publicly nor convert anyone to it. We shall not prevent any of our kin from entering Islam.” This formative document has been the template for all other conquered lands—lands including all of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and much of Asia. Though widely unknown, the Pact of Umar has held sway over the hearts and lives of more people than most other legal documents, and it finds its justification