the Christian Church had replaced the Jews as God’s chosen people. In fact, Augustine considered unbelieving Jews to be the enemy of God’s people, saying that the “true image of the Hebrew” was Judas Iscariot.4 Augustine came to his conclusion despite the fact that Jeremiah 31:35–37 says: He who appoints the sun to shine by day, who decrees the moon and stars to shine by night, who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar – the LORD Almighty is his name: “Only if these decrees vanish from my sight,”