Second, he nurtured his men’s sense of significance. He kept everyone involved by seeking their opinions and by giving them tasks that made them feel like they were part of the solution. He also encouraged them with humor and promoted a lighthearted atmosphere. Shackleton recognized that under extreme pressure, the ability to lighten the mood neutralizes fear and enables a team to focus, reenergize, and prevail over daunting obstacles. People might find it strange that one of the few items that Shackleton