faith was still imprecise, but few questioned its authenticity. In 314 Constantine sent a message to the assembled bishops at the Council of Arles. He wrote about how God does not allow people “to wander in the shadows” but reveals to them salvation: “I have experienced this in others and in myself, for I walked not in the way of righteousness.… But the Almighty God, who sits in the court of heaven, granted what I did not deserve.” For a decade, though, he wavered. For example, on the Arch of Constantine,