“Those that adore Heaven instead of the Lord of Heaven are like a man who, desiring to pay the emperor homage, prostrates himself before the imperial palace at Peking and venerates its beauty.” In 1579, a man named Valignano arrived at Macao, a Portuguese trading post on the coast of China. Looking toward the nearby mainland, the aspiring missionary was said to have cried out, “Rock, rock, oh when wilt thou open, rock?” Priests