¹⁸The wrath of God^o is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of people, who suppress the truth by their wickedness, ¹⁹since what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them.^p ²⁰For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made,^q so that people are without excuse.^r

²¹For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened.^s ²²Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools^t ²³and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images^u made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles.

²⁴Therefore God gave them over^v in the sinful desires of their hearts to sexual impurity for the degrading of their bodies with one another.^w ²⁵They exchanged the truth about God for a lie,^x and worshiped and served created things^y rather than the Creator—who is forever praised.^z Amen.^a

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Cross references

o Jn 3:36; Ro 5:9; Eph 5:6; Col 3:6; 1 Th 1:10; Rev 19:15
p Ac 14:17
q Ps 19:1–6
r Ro 2:1
s Ge 8:21; Jer 2:5; 17:9; Eph 4:17, 18
t 1 Co 1:20, 27; 3:18, 19
u Dt 4:16, 17; Ps 106:20; Jer 2:11; Ac 17:29
vver 26, 28; Ps 81:12; Eph 4:19
w 1 Pe 4:3
x Isa 44:20
y Jer 10:14; 13:25; 16:19, 20
z Ro 9:5; 2 Co 11:31
aSee Ro 11:36