Zephaniah 1:5

Footnotes

1. 12 The words “I will remove” are repeated from v. 4b for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text vv. 4b–6 contain a long list of objects for the verb “I will remove” in v. 4b. In the present translation a new sentence was begun at the beginning of v. 5 in keeping with the tendency of contemporary English to use shorter sentences.
2. 13 Heb “those who worship on their roofs the host of heaven.” The “host of heaven” included the sun, moon, planets, and stars, all of which were deified in the ancient Near East.
3. 14 The reads, “those who worship, those who swear allegiance to the Lord.” The original form of the omits the phrase “those who worship”; it may have been accidentally repeated from the preceding line. J. J. M. Roberts prefers to delete as secondary the phrase “those who swear allegiance” (J. J. M. Roberts, Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah [], 168).
4. 15 Heb “those who swear by.”
5. 16 The referent of “their king” is unclear. It may refer sarcastically to a pagan god (perhaps Baal) worshiped by the people. Some English versions (cf. , , ) prefer to emend the text to “Milcom,” the name of an Ammonite god (following some , , and ) or “Molech,” a god to whom the Israelites offered their children (cf. , ). For a discussion of the options, see Adele Berlin, Zephaniah ( 25A), .