57 The Hebrew verb means “to rage; to quake; to be in tumult.” The sage is using humorous and satirical hyperbole to say that the changes described in the following verses shake up the whole order of life. The sayings assume that the new, elevated status of the individuals was not accompanied by a change in nature. For example, it was not completely unknown in the ancient world for a servant to become king, and in the process begin to behave like a king.
58 A servant coming to power could become a tyrant if he is unaccustomed to the use of such power, or he might retain the attitude of a servant and be useless as a leader.
59 Heb “filled with food” (so ); “satisfied with food”; , “glutted with food”; “who eats too much”; “who prospers.” The expression stuffed with food probably represents prosperity in general. So the line portrays someone who suddenly comes into wealth, but continues to be boorish and irreligious.
60 The Hebrew term means “hated,” from שָׂנֵא (sane’), a feminine passive participle. The text does not say why she is hated; some have speculated that she might be odious (cf. , , ) or unattractive, but perhaps she is married to someone incapable of showing love (e.g., Gen 29:31, 33; Deut 21:15; Isa 60:5). Perhaps the strange situation of Jacob was in the mind of the sage, for Leah was described as “hated” (Gen 29:31).
61 The verb יָרַשׁ (yarash) means either (1) “to possess; to inherit” or (2) “to dispossess.” Often the process of possessing meant the dispossessing of those already there (e.g., Hagar and Sarah in Gen 16:5; 21:10); another example is the Israelites’ wars against the Canaanites.

In other versions

ESVEnglish Standard Version

Under three things the earth trembles;

under four it cannot bear up:

a slave when he becomes king,

and a fool when he is filled with food;

an unloved woman when she gets a husband,

and a maidservant when she displaces her mistress.

NIVNew International Version (2011)

“Under three things the earth trembles,

under four it cannot bear up:

a servant who becomes king,

a godless fool who gets plenty to eat,

a contemptible woman who gets married,

and a servant who displaces her mistress.

CSBChristian Standard Bible

The earth trembles under three things;

it cannot bear up under four:

a servant when he becomes king,

a fool when he is stuffed with food,

an unloved woman when she marries,

and a servant girl when she ousts her queen.

NLTNew Living Translation

There are three things that make the earth tremble—

no, four it cannot endure:

a slave who becomes a king,

an overbearing fool who prospers,

a bitter woman who finally gets a husband,

a servant girl who supplants her mistress.

LEBThe Lexham English Bible

Under three things the earth trembles,

and under four, it is not able to bear up:

under a slave when he becomes king,

and a fool when he is satisfied with food;

under an unloved woman when she gets married,

and a maid when she succeeds her mistress.

KJV 1900King James Version

For three things the earth is disquieted,

And for four which it cannot bear:

For a servant when he reigneth;

And a fool when he is filled with meat;

For an odious woman when she is married;

And an handmaid that is heir to her mistress.

Public Domain