Proverbs 16:10–15

Footnotes

1. 36 Heb “oracle” (so , ) or “decision”; “the king speaks with divine authority.” The term קֶסֶם (qesem) is used in the sense of “oracle; decision; verdict” ( ). The pronouncements of a king form an oracular sentence, as if he speaks for God; they are divine decisions (e.g., Num 22:7; 23:23; 2 Sam 14:20).
2. 37 Heb “on the lips.” The term “lips” is a metonymy of cause referring to what the king says—no doubt what he says officially.
3. 38 Heb “his mouth.” The term “mouth” is a metonymy of cause for what the king says: his pronouncements and legal decisions.
4. 39 The second line gives the effect of the first: If the king delivers such oracular sayings (קֶסֶם, qesem, translated “divine verdict”), then he must be careful in the decisions he makes. The imperfect tense then requires a modal nuance to stress the obligation of the king not to act treacherously against justice. It would also be possible to translate the verb as a jussive: Let the king not act treacherously against justice. For duties of the king, e.g., Psalm 72 and Isaiah 11. For a comparison with Ezekiel 21:23–26, see E. W. Davies, “The Meaning of qesem in Prov 16:10,” 61 (1980): 554–56.
5. 40 Heb “a scale and balances of justice.” This is an attributive genitive, meaning “just scales and balances.” The law required that scales and measures be accurate and fair (Lev 19:36; Deut 25:13). Shrewd dishonest people kept light and heavy weights to make unfair transactions.
6. 41 Heb “stones.”
7. 42 The “wickedness” mentioned here (רֶשַׁע, resha’) might better be understood as a criminal act, for the related word “wicked” can also mean the guilty criminal. If a king is trying to have a righteous administration, he will detest any criminal acts.
8. 43 The “throne” represents the administration, or the decisions made from the throne by the king, and so the word is a metonymy of adjunct (cf. “his rule”).
9. 44 The has the plural, even though the verb “loves” is masculine singular. The ancient versions and two Hebrew read “a king.”
10. 45 Heb “lips of righteousness”; cf. , “honest lips.” The genitive “righteousness” functions as an attributive adjective. The term “lips” is a metonymy of cause for what is said: “righteous speech” or “righteous counsel.”
11. 46 The has the singular participle followed by the plural adjective (which is here a substantive). The editors of wish to follow the ancient versions in making the participle plural, “those who speak uprightly.”
12. 47 The verse is talking about righteous kings, of course—they love righteousness and not flattery. In this proverb “righteous” and “upright” referring to what is said means “what is right and straight,” i.e., the truth (cf. ).
13. 48 This proverb introduces the danger of becoming a victim of the king’s wrath (cf. “if the king becomes angry, someone may die”). A wise person knows how to pacify the unexpected and irrational behavior of a king. The proverb makes the statement, and then gives the response to the subject.
14. 49 The comparative “like” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is implied by the metaphor; it is supplied for the sake of clarity.
15. 50 The expression uses an implied comparison, comparing “wrath” to a messenger because it will send a message. The qualification is “death,” an objective genitive, meaning the messenger will bring death, or the message will be about death. E.g., 1 Kgs 2:25, 29–34 and 46. Some have suggested a comparison with the two messengers of Baal to the god Mot (“Death”) in the Ugaritic tablets (H. L. Ginsberg, “Baal’s Two Messengers,” 95 [1944]: 25–30). If there is an allusion, it is a very slight one. The verse simply says that the king’s wrath threatens death.
16. 51 The verb is כָּפַּר (kapar), which means “to pacify; to appease” and “to atone; to expiate” in Levitical passages. It would take a wise person to know how to calm or pacify the wrath of a king—especially in the ancient Near East.
17. 52 Heb “the light of the face of the king.” This expression is a way of describing the king’s brightened face, his delight in what is taking place. This would mean life for those around him. The proverb is the antithesis of 16:14.
18. 53 Heb “cloud.”
19. 54 Heb “latter rain” (so , ). The favor that this expression represents is now compared to the cloud of rain that comes with the “latter” rain or harvest rain. The point is that the rain cloud was necessary for the successful harvest; likewise the king’s pleasure will ensure the success and the productivity of the people under him. E.g., also Psalm 72:15–17; the prosperity of the land is portrayed as a blessing on account of the ideal king.